Discuss the distribution and density of population in the Ganga River Basin with special reference to land, soil and water resources.

Taxila university was one of the oldest universities of the world with which were associated a number of renowned learned personalities of all times. Its strategic location caused its fame to flourish, but unlike Nalanda, it is not considered as a university in the modern sense. Discuss.

Gandhara sculpture owed as much to the Romans as to the Greeks. Explain.

Highlight the Central Asian and Greco-Bactrian elements in Gandhara art.

Persian literary sources of medieval India reflect the spirit of the age. Comment.

Discuss the salient features of the Harappan architecture.

Examine the main aspects of Akbar’s religious syncretism.

‘The sculptors filled the Chandella artform with resilient vigor and breadth of life.’ Elucidate.

Mahatma Jotirao Phule’s writings and efforts of social reforms touched issues of almost all subaltern classes. Discuss.

Trace India’s consolidation process during the early phase of independence in terms of polity, economy, education, and international relations.

The French Revolution has enduring relevance to the contemporary world. Explain.