With reference to the scientific progress of ancient India, which of the statements given below are correct?

The Chinese traveller Yuan Chwang (Hiuen Tsang) who visited India recorded the general conditions and culture of India at that time. In this context, which of the following statements is/are correct? 1. The roads and river-routes were completely immune from robbery. 2. As regards punishment for offences, ordeals by fire, water and poison were the instruments for determining the innocence or guilt of a person. 3. The tradesmen had to pay duties at ferries and barrier stations. Select the correct answer using the codes given below.

With reference to forced labour (Vishti) in India during the Gupta period, which one of the following statements is correct?

With reference to the history of India, the terms "kulyavapa" and "dronavapa" denote